Interesting SC Cases (full list here
https://www.oyez.org/cases/2015)
Evenwel v Abbott
The Texas Constitution requires that the state legislature reapportion its senate districts during the first regular session after every federal census. After the 2010 census, the legislature created a redistricting plan that was signed into law. However, a three-judge panel of the federal district court found that there was a substantial claim that this redistricting plan violated the Voting Rights Act and issued an interim plan for the 2012 primary elections that was subsequently adopted and signed into law.
Plaintiffs Sue Evenwel and Edward Pfenniger are registered Texas voters who sued and claimed that the interim plan that was adopted and signed into law violated the Equal Protection Clause of the Fourteenth Amendment. They argued that the new districts do not adhere to the 'one person, one vote' principle, which the Supreme Court had previously held exists in the Equal Protection Clause of the Fourteenth Amendment, because they were apportioned based on total population rather than registered voter population, and while the new districts are relatively equal in terms of total population, they vary wildly in relation to total voter population. The district court granted the defendants’ motion to dismiss and held that the plaintiffs failed to state a claim based on Equal Protection Clause jurisprudence, which allows total population to be the basis for district apportionment. The Supreme Court noted probable jurisdiction on the appeal.
Question
Does the Equal Protection Clause of the Fourteenth Amendment require that districting take into account the number of voters rather than the total population?
--------- my thoughts
The court has said before you can exclude total populate, a case where Hawaii wanted to exclude temporary residents (mainly military) for purposes of redistricting. On one hand, apportioning districts based on eligible voters (namely any US citizen over 18 with voting rights intact versus a general count which would include illegals, children, and people with voting rights stripped due to conviction) makes sense, on the other hand, this should be a state issue. My hope would be the court clearly states you can have apportionment based on eligible voters only, but does not require states to use that method. From a practical standpoint, using eligible voters would shift power away from urban areas to the suburbs/rural areas.
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Bernard v Minnesota
Facts of the case
Police were called to the South St. Paul boat launch, where three men were attempting to pull their boat out of the water and onto their truck. William Robert Bernard, Jr., admitted he had been drinking and had the truck keys in his hands, but he denied driving the truck and refused to perform a field sobriety test. He was arrested on suspicion of driving while impaired (DWI) and taken to the South St. Paul police station. Bernard was read the Minnesota Implied Consent Advisory as required by Minnesota state law. The Minnesota law requires a chemical test and refusal is a crime. Bernard refused and was charged with two counts of first-degree test refusal pursuant to state law. In a similar case, Danny Birchfield drove into a ditch in Morton County, North Dakota. When police arrived on the scene, they believed Birchfield was intoxicated. Birchfield failed both the field sobriety tests and the breath test. Birchfield was arrested, but refused to consent to a chemical test, and was charged with a misdemeanor for refusing to consent to a chemical test in violation of state law. In a separate incident, Steve Beylund consented to a blood alcohol test to confirm he was driving under the influence after being informed it was a criminal offense in North Dakota to refuse a blood alcohol test. The test confirmed he was over the legal limit, and Beylund was charged with driving under the influence.
All three men challenged the state statutes criminalizing refusal to submit to a chemical test and argued that the statutes violated their Fourth Amendment rights to be free from unreasonable searches and seizures when there was no probable cause that would support a warrant for the test. Both the Supreme Court of Minnesota and the Supreme Court of North Dakota determined that criminalizing the refusal to submit to a chemical test was reasonable under the Fourth Amendment.
Question
In the absence of a warrant, may a state statute criminalize an individual’s refusal to submit to a blood alcohol test?
----- my thoughts. Drunk driving is obviously a problem, but taking blood should require a warrant. Sticking a needle in someone goes way beyond a sobriety test.
Betterman v Montana
Facts of the case
Brandon Thomas Betterman failed to appear in court on December 8, 2011, on charges of partner or family member assault, and a warrant was issued for his arrest. On February 9, 2012, Betterman turned himself in and stated that he knew he was supposed to appear in court but claimed he had neither money nor transportation to get to the courthouse that day. He was convicted on March 15, 2012, and sentenced to five years. On April 19, 2012, he pled guilty to the charges of jumping bail. His sentence hearing did not occur until January 17, 2013, when he filed a motion to dismiss on the grounds that he was denied a speedy and fair trial due to the amount of time that had lapsed between his guilty plea and sentencing hearing. On April 29, 2013, his motion was denied, and on June 27, 2013, Betterman was sentenced to seven years for his bail-jumping charge. The Supreme Court of Montana held that the delay between Betterman’s plea and sentencing was unacceptably long but had not violated his rights to fair and speedy trial.
Question
Is it a violation of the Sixth Amendment right to a speedy trial to postpone sentencing for fourteen months after a guilty plea has been issued?
-- My thoughts. Way too long, I doubt the court will set a "this must happen in X time period" standard, but it needs to happen faster than this. There are way too many people sitting in jail awaiting a sentence and/or trial.
Fisher v University of Texas
Facts of the case
Abigail Fisher, a white female, applied for admission to the University of Texas but was denied. She did not qualify for Texas' Top Ten Percent Plan, which guarantees admission to the top ten percent of every in-state graduating high school class. For the remaining spots, the university considers many factors, including race. Fisher sued the University and argued that the use of race as a consideration in the admissions process violated the Equal Protection Clause of the Fourteenth Amendment. The district court held that the University’s admissions process was constitutional, and the U.S. Court of Appeals for the Fifth Circuit affirmed. The case went to the Supreme Court, which held that the appellate court erred by not applying the strict scrutiny standard to the University’s admission policies. The case was remanded, and the appellate court reaffirmed the lower court’s decision by holding that the University of Texas’ use of race as a consideration in the admissions process was sufficiently narrowly tailored to the legitimate interest of promoting educational diversity and therefore satisfied strict scrutiny.
Question
Does the University of Texas’ use of race as a consideration in the admissions process violate the Equal Protection Clause of the Fourteenth Amendment?
-- My thoughts .. race should not be a consideration for admissions. There are other ways to do this, economic status can be considered for example. Hopefully the court will finally end this practice once and for all, it has been moving in this direction for some time ... eliminating flat out quotas for example
Friedrichs v California Teachers Association
Facts of the case
California law allows unions to become the exclusive bargaining representative for the public school employees of that district and therefore have a great deal of influence over a wide range of conditions of employment. Once a union is the exclusive bargaining representative for the school district, it may establish an “agency shop” arrangement, which means that a school district may require a public school employee to either join the union or pay the equivalent of dues to the union in the form of a “fair share service fee.” Because the First Amendment prohibits unions from compelling nonmembers to support activities that are not exclusively devoted to negotiations, contract administration, and other duties as an exclusive bargaining representative, unions must send notices to all nonmembers laying out the breakdown of the chargeable and nonchargeable portions of the fee. To avoid paying for the nonchargeable portion of the fee, a nonmember must affirmatively opt out each year.
Petitioners are a group of public school employees who sued the California Teachers Association and other similar organizations as well as school districts and argued that the agency shop arrangement and the opt-out requirement violated the First Amendment. The district court held that precedent upholding those practices precluded its judgment on the issue. The U.S. Court of Appeals for the Ninth Circuit affirmed.
Question
(1) Do public-sector agency shop arrangements violate the First Amendment’s protections for freedom of speech and assembly?
(2) Does the First Amendment prohibit the practice of requiring public employees to affirmatively opt-out of subsidizing nonchargeable speech rather than to affirmatively consent?
--- My thoughts. This is a huge one, I cannot stand public unions, they wield huge influence in some states/cities generally to the detriment of everyone else. For those complaining about police excess, there is no bigger obstacle to reform than the police union. As far as teachers, they protect bad teachers and oppose many reforms that would make education better. Beyond all that, the idea of a mandatory membership in what is essentially a state sanctioned political group is just flat out wrong and you practically cannot separate administrative fees from political activity. The court can make a major decision here that will benefit the entire country (minus the union bosses).
There are a ton of cases, some pretty important, but these are the ones I am following carefully.