For public schools In general, you go to the one closest to your house. There are some charter schools, which either use different teaching methods or have specialties (science for example) that you can apply to go to (I think this is what Night Prowler is taking about). A very few places have vouchers, where you can take a voucher and use it to transfer to a different school, or apply it to private tuition. But most kids, go to the school in their district.
Then there are private schools, Catholic schools for example, that you can go to, but have to pay for.